The white-bellied heron (Ardea insignis) ranks among the rarest birds on Earth and holds high relevance for UPSC preparation, particularly in environment and biodiversity sections. Because of its sharply declining numbers and limited range, the species frequently appears in exam-related discussions.
IUCN Status and Global Population
According to the IUCN Red List, the white-bellied heron falls under the Critically Endangered category. At present, fewer than 250 mature individuals survive in the wild. Moreover, conservation experts estimate that the actual population may stand at around 60 birds worldwide.
In Bhutan, the species maintains a small but crucial foothold. Currently, researchers have identified only 4–5 active breeding pairs. Consequently, even minor threats can severely affect the global population.
Distribution in India
In India, this heron occurs only in Arunachal Pradesh, which makes the state vital for its conservation. Specifically, bird sightings come from the Lohit, Anjaw, and Changlang districts. Furthermore, the species inhabits protected areas such as the Kamlang Tiger Reserve and the Namdapha Tiger Reserve.
As a result of this narrow distribution, habitat degradation in eastern Arunachal Pradesh directly threatens the species’ survival.
Habitat and Major Threats
The white-bellied heron depends on large rivers, wetlands, and subtropical riverine forests. However, hydropower development, deforestation, river modification, and human disturbance continue to shrink its habitat. In addition, low breeding success further accelerates population decline.
Therefore, without immediate conservation action, the species faces a high risk of extinction.
Conservation Importance for UPSC
From a UPSC perspective, the white-bellied heron highlights India’s responsibility in protecting critically endangered species. Thus, aspirants should link the species with IUCN categories, Eastern Himalayan biodiversity, and protected areas.
Key Takeaways for Prelims
- Species: White-bellied heron (Ardea insignis)
- IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
- Indian Range: Arunachal Pradesh
- Key Habitats: Namdapha and Kamlang Tiger Reserves